Unraveling Dementia: Causes, Types, and Prevention Strategies
Dementia, a neurodegenerative condition affecting cognitive function, has various forms and causes. We explore some of these, including vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy body dementia, as well as modifiable risk factors and potential prevention strategies.
Dementia, a major neurocognitive disorder, encompasses a decline in cognitive function severe enough to impact daily activities. It has numerous causes, with 13 distinct forms listed in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5-TR. Alzheimer's disease, the most common, accounts for 60% to 80% of cases, characterized by the buildup of amyloid and tau proteins in the brain.
Vascular dementia, affecting around 10% of people with dementia, results from reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to strokes or conditions like obesity and diabetes. This leads to oxygen deprivation and brain cell death. Another 10% of cases are attributed to Lewy body dementia, caused by abnormal structures called Lewy bodies in the brain. Frontotemporal dementia, affecting 5% to 10% of older adults with dementia, causes significant changes in behavior or language capability.
Mutations in genes APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 can cause early-onset Alzheimer's disease, typically manifesting between 50 and 60 years of age. These mutations are autosomal dominant, almost always leading to the disease in carriers. Other causes include mixed dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and more.
Lifestyle modifications can potentially prevent some cases of dementia by addressing modifiable risk factors. These include maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and limiting alcohol and smoking. Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can also increase the risk of dementia, with multiple TBIs further elevating this risk.
Dementia, with its diverse causes and forms, affects millions worldwide. Understanding its various types and modifiable risk factors is crucial for prevention and early intervention. Research continues to uncover new insights into this complex condition, offering hope for improved treatments and prevention strategies.
