Link connects Cerebral Palsy to Kernicterus
In the first few days of life, a common condition known as jaundice can occur in newborns. This condition is characterised by a yellowing of the skin and eyes, caused by an excess of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells [1][5]. If left untreated, this condition can progress to a serious neurological condition known as kernicterus [3][2].
Kernicterus arises from excessive accumulation of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia), which can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause damage to specific brain regions, such as the basal ganglia [3]. Symptoms of kernicterus may include abnormal muscle tone, involuntary movements, hearing loss, lethargy, and developmental delays [3]. If kernicterus occurs, it can lead to a form of cerebral palsy known as kernicterus-associated cerebral palsy [2].
This type of cerebral palsy is preventable, as it is acquired after birth due to brain damage from high bilirubin levels [2]. The motor impairments result from injuries to the basal ganglia and other brain areas caused by untreated hyperbilirubinemia.
Early detection and treatment of jaundice are crucial in preventing progression to kernicterus and associated cerebral palsy [1][3][5]. Routine bilirubin monitoring and timely interventions, such as phototherapy and, in severe cases, exchange transfusions, can effectively reduce the risk of this serious neurological outcome [2].
If your child has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy due to kernicterus, management typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, hearing aids or cochlear implants, vision therapy and aids, medications, and supportive devices [4].
Risk factors for severe jaundice include premature birth, blood type incompatibilities between mother and baby, bruising during birth, certain genetic factors, infections, breastfeeding challenges, and other factors [6]. It is essential to contact a healthcare provider if jaundice appears within the first 24 hours after birth, seems to be getting worse rapidly, or is accompanied by lethargy, feeding difficulties, or high-pitched crying [2].
Early intervention is key in managing kernicterus-associated cerebral palsy, as children's brains have remarkable plasticity in the early years [7]. Consistent therapy can maximise independence for individuals with cerebral palsy caused by kernicterus.
Receiving a diagnosis of cerebral palsy for a child can trigger a range of emotions, including grief, anger, fear, and guilt. Connecting with support groups of parents in similar situations and seeking professional counseling can help families cope with the emotional impact of the diagnosis [8].
Research in the field of kernicterus-associated cerebral palsy continues to evolve, with scientists exploring new treatments such as advanced phototherapy methods, stem cell therapy, and innovative rehabilitation techniques [9]. Celebrating a child's achievements, no matter how small, and taking care of one's own mental and physical health are important for coping with the emotional impact of a cerebral palsy diagnosis.
It is important to remember that kernicterus is almost entirely preventable with proper monitoring and timely treatment [10]. Knowledge about kernicterus-associated cerebral palsy is the first step in advocating for proper prevention, treatment, and support.
