After experiencing vomiting, it's essential to rehydrate the body and rest. Eating light, easily digestible foods later may help to recover.
Vomiting, a forceful contraction of the stomach that propels stomach contents out of the mouth, can be caused by a variety of factors. Some common culprits include drugs such as opioid analgesics, alcohol, cannabis, chemotherapy drugs, and infections of the digestive tract, such as gastroenteritis.
Nausea, a feeling of discomfort in the stomach that often precedes vomiting, is also common. Motion sickness, triggered by the vestibular system sending different signals to the brain than the eyes during travel, is another cause of nausea and vomiting.
Less common causes of vomiting include conditions such as Ménière's disease, a condition that affects the inner ear, labyrinthitis, an infection and inflammation of the labyrinth, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), a condition that causes vertigo and can be triggered by movement or changes in position.
Anxiety and metabolic changes, such as those occurring in early pregnancy, diabetes, or liver or kidney failure, can also cause nausea and vomiting. Exposure to toxins or ingestion of poison can lead to severe nausea and vomiting.
Projectile vomiting, a type of vomiting where the stomach contracts violently, projecting its contents over a distance of a few feet, can be a sign of more serious conditions such as gastrointestinal obstruction or bleeding.
After vomiting, it's important to eat frequent, small, bland meals and drink plenty of fluids to restore adequate hydration. Bland, easy-to-digest foods such as toast, crackers, rice, mashed potatoes, and banana can help. However, it's best to avoid fatty or greasy foods, spicy foods, and sugary foods.
Severe vomiting can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance that need quick intervention. Conditions such as cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), gastrointestinal obstruction or bleeding, appendicitis, gall bladder disease, brain injury or infections like meningitis/encephalitis, and heart attack or organ diseases (liver, kidney) require immediate medical attention.
Key symptoms that indicate the need for urgent medical care include vomiting that lasts for 24 hours or more or occurs three or more times daily, inability to keep fluids down, leading to dehydration, severe abdominal pain or stomach pain accompanying vomiting, neck stiffness or severe headache, which may suggest meningitis or neurological issues, absence of urination for more than eight hours, signaling severe dehydration or kidney problems, and vomiting with unusual colors, especially brown, black (coffee-ground appearance), or red blood, indicating internal bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
If any of these signs are present, especially persistent vomiting with dehydration, severe pain, neurological symptoms, or bloody vomit, immediate medical evaluation is critical to diagnose and treat potentially life-threatening conditions effectively.
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